Monday, September 21, 2015

WHY FORMALITY TENDS TO FAIL?

WHY FORMALITY TENDS TO FAIL?
Ola Damilola Dominic
4061271

Prof. Ivan Kucina

Formality as we know it over the past recent years over various sectors has come under a lot of debate as to what it entails and the conditions around it. What does Formality really mean? Is Formality an inclusive term or a rather controlled term? Why do we have Formality? Does its advantages outweigh its disadvantages or vice-versa?
Formality can be defined as the rigid observance of rules or conventions or etiquettes, stiffness of behaviour or style, something that is done simply to comply with requirements of etiquette, regulations, or custom or finally  something that is done as a matter of course and without question; an inevitability. From the definition alone, a lot of questions arise. So it’s safe to say some things are done with reason but should not be questioned. Why can’t it be questioned?
But from the beginning people have always been drawn to freedom or rather opposed to formality for so many reasons; freedom to move, freedom of expression and freedom to think because of the because of the human factor, limitless opportunities and lack of boundary. The quest of a few to map out the activities of man and create a form of control as done nothing more but placed a divide between one another. Although it could have been created with the best of intentions to streamline efforts and increase efficiency. This divide which is present within Formality as in turn made it that we are but limited in our actions. A political quote goes saying “Freedom of speech is guaranteed under Formality but Freedom after speech isn’t”. So then are we really free?
Formality as a means was devised to take or develop control over resources and then share or redistribute them equally. This didn’t end up working out according to plan. Most of the Formal methods being used presently are frameworks written down dozens of years ago which don’t take into consideration that people, society and culture do differ across regions and over time. This same framework can’t be applied every time to get the same results it once gave. It has to be modified and updated to conform to recent conditions.
Formality as a system is meant to be arranged or organized such that the focus is on the interests of people and not on furtherance of national goals. As even after nations crumble the people still go on living. Because it is almost impossible to provide the public goals for everyone and at every time when needed, Formality is being called into question.
Of recent the world has been turning to learn from the Informal or apply experiences gotten from the Informal. We wouldn’t be learning from it if Formality was as perfect as it is proclaimed to be. This is not to romanticize Informality or propose that we should return to informality as a system because Informality also isn’t perfect but together or hand in hand the informal and formal could work for the furtherance of all.

1.      Urbanization: Most cities from the start have been planned for a specific number and with an expected population growth which would be constant and kept under check. But the rate at which the world has urbanized over the past years has been at an unprecedented rate. Cities population have more than doubled or in some cases tripled and grown way past projections. Slums have transformed into Urban Sprawls and into megacities. By 2030, our 7.3 Billion will have increased to 8.4 Billion and 9.7 Billion by 2050 and 11.2 Billion by 2100. Virtually all population growth would take place between now and then in cities. But the problem would be our failure to plan for this expected influx. Formality has made it such that our cities are stiff and rigid and can’t exactly be modified to accept changes. The formal systems have made our cities a bottleneck of bureaucracies. One advantage of the Informal in this aspect is its flexibility and resilience. People keep coming into them but never at a point was there a threat to their structure or originality in terms of social and economic value. It could be said that Informal systems have no identity but what are we to expect from a hurriedly put together system which knows it has to operate against all odds which definitely are not in its favour. Against all this odds, the informal still seems to stay afloat and accommodate change as it comes always able to make or squeeze out enough square meters for the next influx. We need to be able to learn from this process and apply to our formal cities to enable us cope with the expected new wave of urbanization. Already in some cities the urbanization has almost made it impossible for formality to function. Unplanned urban sprawl, environmental pollution, deterioration, deficiencies in modern basic facilities, and general urban decay has almost grounded formality to a halt. Basic services and amenities have to be sourced for informally. Urbanization has helped in pointing out the defects in formality and it needs to be fixed as soon as possible as the world prepares for another wave of Urbanization.

2.      Industrialization: The greatest accomplishment of Formality seems to be industrialization. The struggle for efficiency, streamlined production, division of labour and so on. But this has brought on a segment or part of the citizens untold hardship. With most of the world citizens now being exclusive consumers, resources are running out faster than they can be regenerated. The Industrial Revolution changed material production, wealth, labour patterns and population distribution. Although many rural areas remained farming communities during this time, the lives of people in cities changed drastically. The new industrial labour opportunities caused a population shift from the countryside to the cities. The new factory work led to a need for a strict system of factory discipline. Population movement was caused by people living in small farming communities who moved to cities. There was population increase and this was thought to be due to a dramatic decline in the death rate. A drop in famines, warfare and illnesses, and an increase in food sources, all mixed to cause a population spike. Cities became centres of industrial growth. But the growth of cities led to horrible living conditions. The wealthy fared far better than the industrial workers because they could afford to live in the suburbs on the outskirts of the city. However, for most of the factory workers, cities were dirty, crowded places where epidemics frequently broke out. The division became even more prominent.
Industrialization transferred a portions of a workforce from agriculture (Rural), which spreads cultivators across the land, to manufacturing which was established in cities. This process reduced drastically the balance and relationship between Rural and Urban and left the rural populace hanging on. The effects of Industrialization can briefly be summarised as Friedrich Engels put it “The first great division of labour, the separation of Rural and Urban, condemned the rural population to thousands of years of mental torpidity, and the people of the urban each to subjection to his own individual trade. It destroyed the basis of the intellectual development of the former and the physical development of the latter. When the peasant appropriates his land, and the townsman his trade, the land appropriates the peasant and the trade the townsman to the very same extent. In the division of labour, man is also divided. The way out would be the creation of a Rural-Urban in which all the advantages of the most energetic and active town life, with all the beauty and delight of the country, may be secured in perfect combination ; and the certainty of being able to live this life will be the magnet which will produce the effect for which we are all striving — the spontaneous movement of the people from our crowded cities to the bosom of our kindly mother earth, at once the source of life, of happiness, of wealth, and of power.

3.      Inflexibility: From the definition of formality alone which is defined as the rigid observance of rules or conventions. It leaves room for a lot of loops. People have and would always react to rules and only go with it when it favours their sustenance. When a system offers no economic or personal benefit, ways around it would be found giving room to Informality. Formality is concerned with the process and in some instances, there are more than two or three processes to achieve a result but Formality allows for just one process to be mapped and replicated by all without taking into context the various existing conditions. Informality as a system is very flexible as the end result is what matters and not the process. For example, in Formality to build a house requires set down principles, guidelines, materials and a lot more before the process of building can begin and is so for almost every situation under it whereas with Informality the context is always first considered before any design is applied with various means such that each work is different from the other. This flexibility of the informal gives rise to creativity and allows for a discovery of new means. Of recent the flexibility of the Informal has given rise to the so called expandable house whereby houses can be built over a period of time in stages and improved upon as against the formal process of it being fully constructed before being inhabited. It’s known that the cost of construction due to formality has been increased by as much as 45% in some cities and as such most people are not able to finish construction at a go.

4.      Regulations and Laws: Because many formal cities are still being governed by laws which do not necessarily match the prevailing urban reality, people tend to avoid getting trapped in the regulations and laws as they are only but rigid. In some cases the regulations and laws do exist but the failure for it to be enforced leads to a breakdown. Also with the multiplicity of these laws, the costs associated are always high which includes the cost of compliance and enforcement. The multiplicity and rigidity of laws and regulations compel people to pursue informal routes to conduct transactions, to do business and to get access to basic services. Excessive regulations such as strict zoning, organization of urban space in exclusive residential, commercial or industrial areas also seem to always give rise to sprawl and an horizontal low density expansion of urban spaces.

The myriad of paper works and legal processes which need to be followed meticulously and authorized by various offices knowing it might as well be rejected at the end of the day is a turn off already for most who think of the formal process. Then comes the informal which asks for almost nothing but allows for almost anything. To take for example the processes and formalities required to get a loan from a bank which is more often than not denied and the assurance of getting a loan from a friend or through informal means which is often guaranteed. We then can call into question formality itself.

5.      Resources: Formality thrives on the use and efficiency of resources and with the migration trend worldwide, human resources which are the most important tend to move about. This is due to the strong presence or concentration of businesses and companies and others in a certain geographic area. If this is instead rather spread over an area then the movement can be curbed and by so doing human resources are kept in place and development is furthered.  Furthermore, Formality has been able to find a way to use up the most productive land, dammed the most energetically profitable rivers and tapped into the easiest to reach water. Now resources left are minimum and there’s a problem with trying to share the benefits equally. So the quest for resources which Formality so thrives on would be a reason for formality to break at tipping point.

6.      Housing: The impact of rapid population growth on housing development in almost all economies is usually the consequence of the push of the rural areas and the pull of the town. As the rural areas tend to efficiency thereby spewing people out of barely sustainable jobs left which is in most instances due to the industrialization of Agriculture. This leads to an upsurge in the amount of people who move into the urban formal cities. This growth which is known still tends to be highly unplanned for. There’s absolutely no reason why people would want to stay in an area without jobs or other economic opportunities but the government tends to think so. The newly urban people move into the urban centres and are almost unable to get a befitting accommodation for the price value they can afford. Some are left at the mercy of housing policies and social policies which is more often always an attempt to keep them silent but is never enough. There is always an upsurge and conglomeration of people in city centres with the resultant effects on housing growth arising from acute unemployment. This growth and physical expansion of cities have been accompanied by unplanned urban sprawl, environmental pollution, deterioration, deficiencies in modern basic facilities, and general urban decay. As increased poverty and urbanization exert more pressures on urban facilities, most cities tend to have lost their original dignity, social cohesion and administrative efficiency.
The provision of affordable housing for this newly urban citizens has always been a major problem such that the only way out for them is to seek solace within the informal. The informal system being flexible, expandable and able to readjust with little or no costs and less troubles is almost always.


7.      Administrative and Political Influence: This plays a huge role in determining the success or failure of formality. The presence in the formal goes a long way but more than the presence, the effectiveness is the main deciding factor. But this presence often more than not but plays a negative role. The struggle for power or administrative control is resource intensive and capital expensive. This struggle is done using resources and at the end the resources are almost all used up and the dividends of it cannot be equally divided or shared. This causes a huge gap in the equality of people and only deepens it. More often the results of the struggle for resources and powers ends with a shift power often with a movement of resources and key sectors. With this movement, the old location is left behind and almost left behind. The left over control and formal system is almost impossible to sustain itself. This results in a breakdown of infrastructures and services at some point or an overwhelming of existing ones. The power control happens to be within just a few for example the Politicians and Billionaires. Of recent, there was a report as to what the effect of Billionaires is on any given city or economy and they have little or no impact. The money awarded for contracts only ends up switching accounts between a group of people and only manages to trickle down. So if formality should pride itself on being able to create billionaires and they have little or no effect on the system do we still term is as a success.

8.      Human Control: Lastly, the main struggle for Formality has been Control. From industrialization to migration to resources to the laws and all. The main goal has been a way to control man. But we all know the last thing any human wants to be is to be controlled. With formal in place, boundaries are put up. Freedom is given but not fully. With the informal, people are free to live out their fantasies and dreams and boundaries are blurred so that they almost don’t exist. People can switch domains and back as they please. With the formal as can be seen in urban spaces, there’s a sort of control on people being zoned into exclusive areas and allowing almost for no social mix. In various new age developments, success rate has been deemed low for this reason alone. People complain they become alienated to one another. There’s almost no contact or mix as everyone is indirectly controlled leading to the way he behaves. What is needed is an inclusive development that lets go of the reins of control to help with social mixes and exchanges.


Formality we can say has reached a state of nirvana whereby it is no longer considered natural but now just tedious and boring. It is important to realize that Formality and Informality should be seen as a continuum and part of a socio-economic fabric where actors with various degrees of formality, interact, compete and exchange and not as a dichotomy of one over the other. One should not also be seen as a necessary good or the other as a necessary bad but both should be seen as parts of a whole. The main aim at the end is to make both benefit those who happen to live in both. The choices we make now would have a huge effect on how much sustainable we will be with the human race. 

Wednesday, August 26, 2015

INTRIGUING ARCHITECTURE- Can Informal Architecture be Vibrant?

                                     INTRIGUING ARCHITECTURE- Can Informal Architecture be Vibrant?
Architecture is Inhabited Sculpture- Constantin Brancusi
In the past three decades the mass migration has led to the most rapid urbanisation ever witnessed in the history of mankind. The result is an exorbitant and unimaginable increase in the number of informal settlement cropping up. The phenomenon is on an exponential rise in the ‘World Cities’ of Asia, Latin America, Africa and Eastern Europe. Government authorities have often demolished them more as a knee-jerk reaction rather than a thoughtful implementation without long-term objectives. Urban designers and planners, who earlier used to see it as an eyesore and unapproachable part of the city have understood their importance, changed their stance and now accept it and work with the locals to include these areas in the main stream governance. People over the world have recognised their rational and intelligent innovations in fulfilling their needs and have been trying to incorporate this in planning of formal settlements too. Informal settlements are evaluated in relation to their surrounding landscape of poor sanitation, insecure housing, hazardous grounds, lack of roads and infrastructure. We tend to focus mainly on improving and providing these things and ignore the significant intangible knowledge that these settlements provide about visual stimulus, resilience, resource efficiency and community values.
The essay tries to investigate if these qualities exist within these informal settlements and can formal infrastructure be flexible enough for informal use by looking at different examples of Urbanised Cities from around the world.
When Janice Perlman, in The Myth of Marginality, questions us if we see a chaotic, poorly-built, overcrowded, disorderly slum or a neighbourhood in progress, emphasized by careful planning in the use of limited housing space and innovative construction techniques on hillsides considered too steep for building by urban developers, she not only sees favelas as a physical expression of people struggling to move upwards against obstacles but also as an inspiration symbolising true grit of human necessities.  
The world we see is for us always both form and significance. Our aesthetic experience reflects both. Thus, there is a political aspect to aesthetics and an aesthetic aspect to political judgement and political struggle. - Lisa R. Peattie, Aesthetic Politics. 
Society’s impressions play an important role in shaping policy where squatter developments accommodating most of the urban immigrants are seen as ‘urban villages’. It’s in these rural enclaves within the city the slow transition from peasant values and skills into the culture of the city takes place. This view suited researchers who had little or no direct contact with the inhabitants of the settlements and needed to confirm their presence without actually recognising them as fellow citizens. Even Bernard Rudofsky's influential Architecture without Architect dwells fondly on Mediterranean cliff villages and African tribal settlements but overlooks the Brazilian favelas and Venezuelan barrios. Probably because these informal settlements in spite of being true to the resource efficiency, material usage and least energy consumption somehow do not make it vernacular architecture.

1.      Formal vs Informal (Chandigarh and Varanasi)

We as methodical and structured beings have a tendency to picture formal architecture as planned city with roads, pedestrians, boulevards, public buildings in downtown, high end markets with plazas, residential and office complexes, all of them nicely laid out in grids. For instance a Chandigarh or a New Delhi definitely has all the reasons to impress an inhabitant. Both grid plans have eased out traffic movement, services movement and efficient zoning. Planners and architects had been so over thoughtful, that these ordered layouts and planning have squeezed out all the excitement and intimacy that a city must share with its inhabitant. Rationally laid out roads with a green strip and nicely separated bicycle and pedestrian lanes might have made it safe for automobile users but have reduced ‘unintentional interaction’ amongst inhabitants. The buildings are so carefully placed and controlled that they are almost in isolation either having no dialogue or looking all the same. Zoning is so thoroughly monotonous that there is no room left to pleasantly awe a walker or a bicycle rider. A vibrant city is much more explored on foot than in cars. Comparing these formally laid out cities to Varanasi, the oldest city in India built along Ganges; one discovers that it has much more visual treats and intimacy to offer within its squalor alleys than any planned city in India. In many pre-modern villages before the intervention of planning, the ‘public’ path evolves out of the setback of building blocks rather than pre-determines the layout of the physical space. Some say that it’s the alleys of Varanasi, too narrow for traffic, that hold the charm of the old city. Don’t worry about getting lost because sooner or later you will end up in front of the river or on the main street. Virtually every life is carried out in public right in front of your eyes – prayers, sleeping, cooking, eating, bathing, even roadside dentistry. Streets that are not wide enough for even two bicycles have occasional surprise elements like temples and heritage buildings waiting to greet the visitor when it is least expected, as if these important structures have been engulfed by the city itself. Like Bruce Mau mentioned in Massive Change-“The highest order of success in design is to achieve ubiquity, to become banal.” Nothing is hidden, and all the truth is out on the streets. And it is all these elements -the taste, smell, people, and the hustle bustle that make these streets lifeline of the city. These unplanned meandering narrow pathways always have a story to tell with every turn and intrigue us more often than not. They surprise us, confuse us and on few occasions shock us too but never leave us with a dull moment.
           




2.       Informal WITHIN Formal- Taiwan’s Informal Urbanism

Informal urbanism is usually a visual perception about the uncontrollable high-density living in the rapidly urbanized world which adjusts quickly to the collective need and wants without paying regard to dominant law and order. On one hand, the appearances of informal urbanism are crudely condemned as defiant invasion of public spaces; yet on the other hand, celebrated as an amazing collage of complex urbanism which expresses the true nature of city and denounces the rational self-righteousness of planning. It challenges architectural dictatorship, authorship, and control by expressing idiosyncratic individualities in a collective mode. It is also attractive in the sense of organic and piecemeal evolution instead of implementations of imposed plans. The visualization of informal urbanism is not to be achieved by a singular author; therefore, it is collaborative, symbiotic, unpredictable, and impacts the social fabric of the city. The following case study of the South Airport Apartment embodies Taipei’s version of informal urbanism and signifies the role of individual households’ living patterns in shaping the informal city.


The diagram below explains the process of a gradual transformation which is incremental and subtle as the addition of floor area is not always on solid ground. With understanding neighbours and disinterested local authorities every inhabitant achieves his own version of informalisation. A normal apartment owned by a single guy demands some changes when he gets married and starts a family. A big hall is partitioned to provide a bedroom for privacy. The balcony is encroached and covered from 3 sides to provide an extra bedroom with the arrival of the first child. As the second child adds into the family the public space of staircase well is added with the consent of the neighbours who do not object as it gives them prospects for later additions too. So a one room flat is transformed into a three bedroom flat over a period of time. And some inhabitants buy the flat next to it too to break the in-between wall and make the whole house bigger. That’s how a normal 26sq.m flat for one person is changed into 105sq.m flat accommodating five people comfortably.


­
However, the most commendable thing is that all these transformations are practical and economic. Interior rooms are partitioned with light panel walls and relinquish the use of wall closet for more interchangeability. Hooks and poles are deployed to hang items on the walls and under ceiling, which explains why many of these flats still look transitional after decades of living. The extended room on the street side is suspended by steel cables on metal sheet surface. Small contractors and material suppliers those are dexterous, versatile, resourceful, and community-based are Indispensible chains to Taiwan’s small-scale industry boom. Their network responds quickly to the domestic need yet distinguishes itself from the market dominated by corporate builders and developers.



 Public space is usually operated under strict guidelines and regulations, yet the threshold of the public domain is not well respected in informal city. Territorialisation of these transitional spaces for private use by inhabitants is the most expressive desire of Informal city. Porch-corridors facing the central court at various levels are the most significant spatial feature. According to fire code they ought to be clean and open. Yet these porch-corridors are perfect settings for laundry and drying clothes in the compact living condition of the apartment; and by scattering benches and chairs them they fulfil the neighbourhood’s collective desire for an extended living room. The unwelcoming atmosphere of the original modernist landscape would suddenly be tinged with an aura of ‘human flavour’ and colours of individualities whenever the informal activities emerge.


             

Reclaiming Public space for Public use- 

An initiative taken up by government in collaboration with citizen bodies, ‘Raahgiri day’, inspired by Cyclovia in Bogota, is one of the first steps towards making New Delhi suburbs a sustainable and environment friendly city. A portion of the busies roads are cordoned off every Sunday morning for four hours and many organisations offer to conduct health programs, theatre, music etc for the benefit of the community. Children and adults are invited to bike, skate, run and walk; to partake in community leisure activities such as street games, street dancing; to learn yoga, aerobics and zumba; and to come together as a community and celebrate life. The project has received such positive response that it is getting introduced in almost every major city of India. The basic aim behind the Raahgiri event is to promote social integration, protect the environment and facilitate sustainable transport.
  
                                       


3. Informal WITHIN Informal- Shivaji Nagar, Mumbai

Within the informal city, there are multiple social, eco­nomic, and urban relationships that can hardly be un­derstood by the macroscopic tools used by planning au­thorities. Satellite images, top-down development plans do not register the rich spatial and programmatic con­nections that are revealed by simply taking a walk down the narrow alleys. The combination of mixed uses, and slow, minimal car traf­fic encourages residents to turn every residual space into a playground or a ‘public square’. One of the most ignored areas in slum rehabilitation schemes is spaces for children and community gatherings. So the inhabitants have to device their own indigenous solutions to deal with these issues. Big events like a festival or marriage take place within the streets and courtyards by simply demarcating space with a bamboo structure covered in sheets. The concept of public space goes beyond the restricted parks and gardens model bounded by iron gates. Instead, walkable, compact and dense mixed-use neighbourhoods offer richer moments for public interaction. Playgrounds liberate young minds and help children develop their abilities, teaching them personal re­sponsibility, and to thrive as a member of a team or community. Open spaces attract mothers and families living in vulner­able areas to experience social services and other exchanges. So it is quite fundamental that the design of playgrounds and public spaces within informal settlements propagate social inclusion. Even in ar­eas of low material resources, a rich cultural and social life of the community contributes to the well-being of the children. Some of the most positive physical qualities depend upon freedom from physical dangers, and freedom of movement supported by a diversity of activity settings and peer gathering areas. As mentioned before, the typology of informal settlements contributes to create such an en­vironment better than planned developments flawed by sterile rigidity. Planners and architects should seek to learn from the walkability and play­ability of its informal settlements to devise new design solutions that weave interventions and infrastructures strategically into the socially rich fabric.
                    

4.      Formal WITHIN Informal- Caracas

Limited land and high crime rate in a dense in­formal settlement make it un­safe for children to play and participate in sports. In seeking to give informal settlement communities safe places of recreation, local architects at Urban Think- Tank in Caracas created the Gimnasio Vertical (Vertical Gymna­sium) prototype, a prefabricated construction system that transformed a rundown soccer field into a four story Vertical Gym in the La Cruz barrio. The vertical structure of the gym provides recreation­al and cultural events facility without encroaching into surrounding properties. It has numerous sport activities in the same space in order to meet the necessities of both serious athletes and general public. Building system has been developed as a kit of the prototype parts, which allow flexible design and construction and can be reassembled and programmed for different locations as per local needs.

                                         
Working with the San Rafael-Barrio Unido commu­nity in La Vega, a team of architects, engineers, a road designer, and a geologist studied the settlement’s con­ditions to assess that vertical typography was the determining condition limiting accessibility, services, and public spaces. Based on community-established priorities, the team devised an Integral Urban Project to help solve the problem. The existing pedestrian walkways were a series of resident-built stairs, narrow in width, with variable step size, no handrails, high slopes, and no stairs higher up the hill. To connect neighbourhoods and improve daily commute, the team de­signed a network of stairs which incorporated basic services such as electricity, drainage, sewer, gas, and water. Every spare space was integrated into walk­ways, and public landings inserted at intervals acted as new spaces for social interaction. Most impor­tantly families were able to remain in their homes, which was critical to maintaining social cohesion.

                 

Conclusion

The residents of the informal city duel everyday - negotiating with the system as outsiders, improvising around the shortcomings of public-private institutions, and somehow managing to improve their lives. And in the process they create a socially active and vibrant environment around them that cannot be ignored. If designers, architects, and plan­ners hope to be relevant in this context, then they must first improve the immediate well-being of the residents through small interventions and proposals. Such proposals have to be tactical, executed involving the local people and create solutions that maintain the core philosophy of informal settlement. The end-goal is to change policy by demonstrating real change which depends on self-reliance and ingenuity and not necessarily on political will. From an individual household to a porch-corridor to an apartment shrine to a street market, these growing spaces of different scales somehow strive to reach an equilibrium with the formal city. Beyond the informal façade- either as a spectacle or chaos, traces of everyday life continue to weave a rich fabric of urban narratives.

References:

Peattie, Lisa R. (1992). Aesthetic Politics: Shantytown or New Vernacular?
Rudofsky, Bernard. (1965).  Architecture without Architects. New York. Connecticut Printers
Mau, B. (2004). Massive Change. New York. : Phaidon Press Limited
Kang, Min Jay. (2009).  Informal urbanism from inside-out– Internalizing Taipei experiences of informality.
Davis, Mike. (2006). Planet of Slums. London. New Left Books
Correa, C. (1989). The New Landscape: Urbanisation in the Third World. London.: Mimar
Biswas, Saurav K. (2013). Play! Tactics & Strategies for public spaces in Mumbai’s informal city. 
Image References:
Fig-4,5,6,8,9,10- Biswas, Saurav K. (2013). Play! Tactics & Strategies for public spaces in Mumbai’s informal city.